Tokhir M. Burkhanov,
Senior teacher
Academy of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan
The transition of Uzbekistan to the path of independent development has led our country to a process of great historical twists, spiritual, political and moral changes. Ensuring human moral maturity is the most vital need in any society. After all, it is not by chance that a person strives to be highly moral in all respects. This is a noble goal that humanity has been striving for many thousands of centuries. Therefore, in achieving the strategic goal of educating a spiritually mature and harmoniously developed generation, the study of the works of our ancestors on moral issues, the application of humanistic ideas expressed in them to social life is of particular importance today. The “Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language” defines “morality – a set of norms of behavior of each society, etiquette, ethics”, while the dictionary of philosophy “Ethics (plural of the Arabic word for behavior) – a set of rules and regulations”. From this point of view, morality is a social phenomenon consisting of specific criteria and norms for universal, religious, national and individual behavior.
Spirituality and morality have their own laws of formation and development, which are manifested in the form of specific criteria and norms. “Morality is, first of all, a sense of fairness and justice, faith, honesty.” Therefore, just as morality plays a role in regulating and controlling human behavior, they also regulate human activity and constitute the essence of human life through specific ethical criteria and norms. At the same time, firstly, the meaning of human life forms a value-oriented orientation in the individual on the basis of specific ethical criteria and norms, and secondly, it plays a priority in gaining the status of a higher value. Thus, Kant’s “Categorical Imperative” is manifested as a law that directs, determines and controls the behavior of each person from the heart, and it forms the basis of individual culture. Another German philosopher, Schopenhauer, states that “morality, beauty and wealth in man have a private character.”.
“Morality is easy to propagate, but difficult to justify,” Schopenhauer says. “Morality is not a doctrine of how to make ourselves happy, but a doctrine of how to be happy,” Rolland said. Indeed, such a moral responsibility may not be felt by one who is not accountable to others and to one’s own conscience. Because he is not interested in the consequences of his actions, he only recognizes the priority of interests. F. Schiller “A strong man upholds morality. Empty morals caress. Whoever pursues morality will be a man between the strong and the weak, ”Humboldt wrote.“ Where there is a small morality, there is no great man. Therefore, Pascal concludes, “The more random our morality, the greater the need to legitimize it.” Another Western philosopher, John Dewey, once said, “Morality is not a list of actions or a set of rules that can be applied as it is in a pharmacy or cooking recipe”. Heinrich Heine writes, “Morality is the mind of the heart.”
It is well known that ideas about spiritual and moral qualities have attracted the attention of philosophers since ancient times. The views of the Greek scholar Aristotle on this subject have served as a benchmark for centuries. Aristotle, in his moral view, is based on the idea of the “Golden Medium”. This idea of his is also reflected in the moral views of Eastern scholars. In particular, Abu Nasr al-Farabi writes in his book, From the Narratives of the Great Men: These two boundaries are the point of virtue on either side of it, and both lead to evil. Because if virtue is what is needed, it is more than necessary on one side and less than what is needed on the other side. Taste is also between two points. The same goes for generosity. On the one hand, there is greed, and on the other hand, there is extreme greed.”
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) discusses the problems of moral education in his works “Encyclopedia”, “Solomon and Ibsol”, “Tadbiri Manozil” and others, gives specific advice on the education of high spiritual qualities. He believed that the purpose of moral education was to educate a person to live not only for his own benefit but also for the benefit of other people. Also, in his treatise on housekeeping, Ibn Sina studied the issue of the moral perfection of rulers and declared that the main principle of politics is that the ruler should improve his heart and soul. Ibn Sina’s views on morality are still relevant today and serve as a unique source for the development of spiritual and moral, educational issues, the development of a harmoniously developed generation.
It is no exaggeration to say that one of the important factors in ensuring human perfection is spiritual and moral values. Because only a person adorned with these criteria will be able to do great things. If we pay attention to our history, we can see that in the works of our great scholars and philosophers, first of all, spiritual and moral values were promoted in the issue of public administration and child rearing.
It is no exaggeration to say that the great commander and statesman Amir Temur, who took a place in the hearts of the people and built a strong state system, was also the cause of justice and good morals. We can know this from the following opinion of Sahibkiran. “I have won over the people with openness and compassion,” he said. I tried to do justice and stay away from oppression”.
The heritage of our great ancestors is reviving our historical memory and manifesting itself as a source of example in our spirituality and culture in moral education.
Abdurauf Fitrat, who has a special place in Eastern ethics, writes about the existing moral problems of his time: “We consider ourselves Muslims, but we do not follow the orders of the reformers, we do not follow the orders of the reformers, we do not follow the divine commandments, we have no alliance, we do not fear,” he said. There is no mutual support between us, we do not step together on the path of fulfillment of the right demand. We greedily, we drink wine, we gossip and envy. We do all that is forbidden by the Shari’ah and (therefore) we commit moral abominations. ”
Abdullah Avloni, who was engaged in the upbringing of the new generation, as an intellectual of his time, also worked hard to bring up young people to be honest, resourceful, courageous, generous and patriotic. “Education is for us a matter of life or death, salvation or destruction, happiness or disaster,” he said.
Also, the famous philosopher Erkin Yusupov: It is also noteworthy that “in general, morality is a manifestation of the forms and norms of self-government of people who exist as individuals in the context of social relations, the level of spiritual maturity inherent in communication and relationships.”
In strengthening the foundations of our independence, it is extremely important to accelerate the pace of cultural, spiritual and moral development of members of society, the rational organization of educational work, the regular implementation of educational activities. The future and prosperity of our state depends on the upbringing and education of the younger generation. Youth is the future of our country. We entrust the fate of Uzbekistan to them. To do this, young people must deeply understand and feel the essence of the complex task assigned to them, and prepare now to be worthy of it.
Young people do not have a sense of pride in their homeland. Love for the motherland enters a person’s heart along with breast milk. It is important to form and develop a person’s love for the nation, the Motherland, confidence in the future. As a result of life experience, scientific and moral perfection of man, the ability to feel his duty and responsibility, the sense of patriotism becomes a daily moral norm, and later a belief and faith. Indeed, human society cannot exist if everyone acts as he sees fit and does not align his own moral standards with the principles of righteousness and justice of others. Society is, first and foremost, a definite whole that governs the lives of individuals by some general rule. Ethical practice arises from the objective necessity of managing relationships in human society, which is the relationship between man and other people, the systems between man and society, instructions, and so on. This is the main task of morality.
It is impossible to form a sense of patriotism in the future military without creating such human qualities as spirituality, national values, traditions, national morality, loyalty to our national culture. But patriotism is not limited to love for the Motherland, the formation of feelings of pride in it. A true patriot must contribute to the development of his homeland by creatively using world culture, science, modern techniques and technologies, historical lessons and experiences, and economic opportunities.
Loving the homeland is a matter of conscience. Because the place where the Motherland is born and raised is a person’s emotional state. It is not for nothing that our ancestors said, “Be a shepherd in your own country until you become a sultan in your own country.” By studying the conscience of Abdullah Avloni, they will literally teach our youth their thoughts on morality, character, discipline, chastity, conscience, modesty, devotion, and justice. The purpose of studying the work of thoughtful educators is to form a comprehensively spiritually developed mentally and morally mature person. Avloni’s work focuses on the mental, moral, emotional and physical development of the individual, the full development of his abilities, the creation of the most favorable conditions possible. It is also important to instill national pride and national morality in young people.
Such qualities and feelings should be formed not only in the future military, but in every citizen of our country.
It is a characteristic of every nation to be justifiably proud of its Motherland, the history of its people, its cultural heritage, national customs, traditions and traditions. The strength of a nation is not measured by its number, but by its political maturity, the growth of national consciousness, spiritual and moral upbringing, self-awareness, and national organization.
In short, our ultimate goal is to build a democratic state based on the rule of law and a decent lifestyle for our people in the future. Achieving these goals depends directly on our young people, their spiritual and moral upbringing. To do this, every person, organization, head of institution, parents, community institutions responsible for the education of young people must conduct this process in such a way that the younger generation understands that growing up as a harmoniously developed person is not only a spiritual duty but a vital need.